Альберт эйнштейн краткая биография на английском. Биография альберта эйнштейна на английском языке с переводом

Albert Einstein was a German-born Jewish theoretical physicist of profound genius, who is widely regarded as the greatest scientist of the 20-th century and one of the greatest scientists of all time. He was awarded the 1921 Nobel Prize for Physics for his explanation of the photoelectric effect in 1905 and “for his services to Theoretical Physics”.

After his general theory of relativity was formulated in November 1915, Einstein became world famous, an unusual achievement for a scientist. In his later years, his fame exceeded that of any other scientist in history. In popular culture, his name has become synonymous with great intelligence and even genius.

Einstein himself was deeply concerned with the social impact of scientific discovery. His reverence for all creation, his belief in the grandeur, beauty, and sublimity of the universe, his awe for the scheme that is manifested in the material universe – all of these show through in his work and philosophy.

Youth and college

Einstein was born at Ulm in Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany, about 100 km east of Stuttgart. His parents were Hermann Einstein, a featherbed salesman who later ran an electrochemical works, and Pauline, whose maiden name was Koch. They were married in Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt. The family was Jewish ; Albert attended a Catholic elementary school and, at the insistence of his mother, was given violin lessons.

At age five, his father showed him a pocket compass, and Einstein realized that something in “empty” space acted upon the needle; he would later describe the experience as one of the most revelatory of his life. Though he built models and mechanical devices for fun, he was considered a slow learner, possibly due to dyslexia, simple shyness, or the significantly rare and unusual structure of his brain. He later credited his development of the theory of relativity to this slowness, saying that by pondering space and time later than most children, he was able to apply a more developed intellect. Another, more recent, theory about his mental development is that he had Asperger’s syndrome, a condition related to autism.

Einstein attended the Luitpold Gymnasium where he received a relatively progressive education. He began to learn mathematics around age twelve. There is a recurring rumor that he failed mathematics later in his education, but this is untrue; a change in the way grades were assigned caused confusion years later. Two of his uncles fostered his intellectual interests during his late childhood and early adolescence by suggesting and providing books on science, mathematics and philosophy.

In 1894, following the failure of Hermann’s electrochemical business, the Einsteins moved from Munich to Pavia, Italy. During this year, Einstein’s first scientific work was written. Albert remained behind in Munich lodgings to finish school, completing only one term before leaving the gymnasium in spring 1895 to rejoin his family in Pavia. He quit without telling his parents and a year and a half prior to final examinations, Einstein convinced the school to let him go with a medical note from a friendly doctor, but this meant he had no secondary-school certificate.

Despite excelling in the mathematics and science portion, his failure of the liberal arts portion of the Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule entrance exam the following year was a setback; his family sent him to Aarau, Switzerland, to finish secondary school, where he received his diploma in September 1896. During this time he lodged with Professor Jost Winteler’s family and became enamoured with Marie, their daughter, his first sweetheart. Albert’s sister Maja was to later marry their son Paul, and his friend Michele Besso married their other daughter Anna. Einstein subsequently enrolled at the Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule in October and moved to Zurich, while Marie moved to Olsberg for a teaching post. The same year, he renounced his Wurttemberg citizenship and became stateless.

In the spring of 1896, the Serbian Mileva Maric started initially as a medical student at the University of Zurich, but after a term switched to the same section as Einstein as the only woman that year to study for the same diploma. Einstein’s relationship with Mileva developed into romance over the next few years.

In 1900, he was granted a teaching diploma by the Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule and was accepted as a Swiss citizen in 1901. He kept his Swiss passport for his whole life. During this time Einstein discussed his scientific interests with a group of close friends, including Mileva. He and Mileva had an illegitimate daughter Lieserl, born in January 1902.

Work and doctorate

Upon graduation, Einstein could not find a teaching post, mostly because his brashness as a young man had apparently irritated most of his professors. The father of a classmate helped him obtain employment as a technical assistant examiner at the Swiss Patent Office in 1902. There, Einstein judged the worth of inventors’ patent applications for devices that required a knowledge of physics to understand. He also learned how to discern the essence of applications despite sometimes poor descriptions, and was taught by the director how “to express myself correctly”. He occasionally rectified their design errors while evaluating the practicality of their work.

Einstein married Mileva Maric on January 6, 1903. Einstein’s marriage to Maric, who was a mathematician, was both a personal and intellectual partnership: Einstein referred to Mileva as “a creature who is my equal and who is as strong and independent as I am”. Ronald W. Clark, a biographer of Einstein, claimed that Einstein depended on the distance that existed in his and Mileva’s marriage in order to have the solitude necessary to accomplish his work; he required intellectual isolation. Abram Joffe, a Soviet physicist who knew Einstein, in an obituary of Einstein, wrote, “The author of was.. a bureaucrat at the Patent Office in Bern, Einstein-Maric” and this has recently been taken as evidence of a collaborative relationship. However, according to Alberto A. Martinez of the Center for Einstein Studies at Boston University, Joffe only ascribed authorship to Einstein, as he believed that it was a Swiss custom at the time to append the spouse’s last name to the husband’s name. Whatever the truth, the extent of her influence on Einstein’s work is a highly controversial and debated question.

On May 14, 1904, the couple’s first son, Hans Albert Einstein, was born. In 1904, Einstein’s position at the Swiss Patent Office was made permanent. He obtained his doctorate after submitting his thesis “A new determination of molecular dimensions” in 1905.

That same year, he wrote four articles that provided the foundation of modern physics, without much scientific literature to which he could refer or many scientific colleagues with whom he could discuss the theories. Most physicists agree that three of those papers deserved Nobel Prizes. Only the paper on the photoelectric effect would win one. This is ironic, not only because Einstein is far better-known for relativity, but also because the photoelectric effect is a quantum phenomenon, and Einstein became somewhat disenchanted with the path quantum theory would take. What makes these papers remarkable is that, in each case, Einstein boldly took an idea from theoretical physics to its logical consequences and managed to explain experimental results that had baffled scientists for decades.

Annus Mirabilis Papers

Einstein submitted the series of papers to the “Annalen der Physik”. They are commonly referred to as the “Annus Mirabilis Papers” . The International Union of Pure and Applied Physics plans to commemorate the 100th year of the publication of Einstein’s extensive work in 1905 as the ‘World Year of Physics 2005’.

The first paper, named “On a Heuristic Viewpoint Concerning the Production and Transformation of Light”, proposed the idea of “energy quanta” and showed how it could be used to explain such phenomena as the photoelectric effect. This paper was specifically cited for his Nobel Prize.

His second article in 1905, named “On the Motion – Required by the Molecular Kinetic Theory of Heat – of Small Particles Suspended in a Stationary Liquid”, covered his study of Brownian motion, and provided empirical evidence for the existence of atoms.

Einstein’s third paper that year, “On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies” , was published on June 30, 1905. While developing this paper, Einstein wrote to Mileva about “our work on relative motion”, and this has led some to ask whether Mileva played a part in its development. This paper introduced the special theory of relativity, a theory of time, distance, mass and energy which was consistent with electromagnetism, but omitted the force of gravity.

A fourth paper, “Does the Inertia of a Body Depend Upon Its Energy Content?”, published late in 1905, showed one further deduction from relativity’s axioms, the famous equation that the energy of a body at rest equals its mass times the speed of light squared.

In 1906, Einstein was promoted to technical examiner second class. In 1908, Einstein was licensed in Bern, Switzerland, as a Privatdozent. Einstein’s second son, Eduard, was born on July 28, 1910. In 1911, Einstein became first associate professor at the University of Zurich, and shortly afterwards full professor at the University of Prague, only to return the following year to Zurich in order to become full professor at the ETH Zurich. At that time, he worked closely with the mathematician Marcel Grossmann. In 1912, Einstein started to refer to time as the fourth dimension.

In 1914, just before the start of World War I, Einstein settled in Berlin as professor at the local university and became a member of the Prussian Academy of Sciences. He took German citizenship. His pacifism and Jewish origins irritated German nationalists. After he became world-famous, nationalistic hatred of him grew and for the first time he was the subject of an organized campaign to discredit his theories. From 1914 to 1933, he served as director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics in Berlin, and it was during this time that he was awarded his Nobel Prize and made his most groundbreaking discoveries. He was also an extraordinary professor at the Leiden University from 1920 till officially 1946, where he regularly gave guest lectures.

Einstein divorced Mileva on February 14, 1919, and married his cousin Elsa Lowenthal on June 2, 1919. Elsa was Albert’s first cousin and his second cousin. She was three years older than Albert, and had nursed him to health after he had suffered a partial nervous breakdown combined with a severe stomach ailment; there were no children from this marriage. The fate of Albert and Mileva’s first child, Lieserl, is unknown. Some believe she died in infancy, while others believe she was given out for adoption. They later had two sons: Eduard and Hans Albert. Eduard intended to practice as a Freudian analyst but was institutionalized for schizophrenia and died in an asylum. Hans Albert, his older brother, became a professor of hydraulic engineering at the University of California, Berkeley, having little interaction with his father.

General relativity

In November 1915, Einstein presented a series of lectures before the Prussian Academy of Sciences in which he described his theory of general relativity. The final lecture climaxed with his introduction of an equation that replaced Newton’s law of gravity. This theory considered all observers to be equivalent, not only those moving at a uniform speed. In general relativity, gravity is no longer a force but is a consequence of the curvature of space-time.

The theory provided the foundation for the study of cosmology and gave scientists the tools for understanding many features of the universe that were discovered well after Einstein’s death. A truly revolutionary theory, general relativity has so far passed every test posed to it and has become a powerful tool used in the analysis of many subjects in physics.

Initially, scientists were skeptical because the theory was derived by mathematical reasoning and rational analysis, not by experiment or observation. But in 1919, predictions made using the theory were confirmed by Arthur Eddington’s measurements, of how much the light emanating from a star was bent by the Sun’s gravity when it passed close to the Sun, an effect called gravitational lensing. On November 7, The Times reported the confirmation, cementing Einstein’s fame.

Many scientists were still unconvinced for various reasons ranging from disagreement with Einstein’s interpretation of the experiments, to not being able to tolerate the absence of an absolute frame of reference. In Einstein’s view, many of them simply could not understand the mathematics involved. Einstein’s public fame which followed the 1919 article created resentment among these scientists some of which lasted well into the 1930s.

In the early 1920s Einstein was the lead figure in a famous weekly physics colloquium at the University of Berlin. On March 30, 1921, Einstein went to New York to give a lecture on his new Theory of Relativity, the same year he was awarded the Nobel Prize. Though he is now most famous for his work on relativity, it was for his earlier work on the photoelectric effect that he was given the Prize, as his work on general relativity was still disputed. The Nobel committee decided that citing his less-contested theory in the Prize would gain more acceptance from the scientific community.

The “Copenhagen” interpretation

Einstein’s relationship with quantum physics was quite remarkable. He was the first to say that quantum theory was revolutionary. His postulation that light can be described not only as a wave with no kinetic energy, but also as massless discrete packets of energy called quanta with measurable kinetic energy marked a landmark break with the classical physics. In 1909 Einstein presented his first paper on the quantification of light to a gathering of physicists and told them that they must find some way to understand waves and particles together.

In the mid-1920s, as the original quantum theory was replaced with a new theory of quantum mechanics, Einstein balked at the Copenhagen interpretation of the new equations because it settled for a probabilistic, non-visualizable account of physical behaviour. Einstein agreed that the theory was the best available, but he looked for a more “complete” explanation, i. e., more deterministic. He could not abandon the belief that physics described the laws that govern “real things”, the belief which had led to his successes with atoms, photons, and gravity.

In a 1926 letter to Max Born, Einstein made a remark that is now famous:

Quantum mechanics is certainly imposing. But an inner voice tells me it is not yet the real thing. The theory says a lot, but does not really bring us any closer to the secret of the Old One. I, at any rate, am convinced that He does not throw dice.

To this, Bohr, who sparred with Einstein on quantum theory, retorted, “Stop telling God what He must do!” The Bohr-Einstein debates on foundational aspects of quantum mechanics happened during the Solvay conferences.

Einstein was not rejecting probabilistic theories per se. Einstein himself was a great statistician, using statistical analysis in his works on Brownian motion and photoelectricity and in papers published before the miraculous year 1905; Einstein had even discovered Gibbs ensembles. However, he believed that, at the core, physical reality behaved deterministically. Many physicists argue that experimental evidence contradicting this belief was found much later with the discovery of Bell’s Theorem and Bell’s inequality. However, there is still space for lively discussions about the interpretation of quantum mechanics.

Bose-Einstein statistics

In 1924, Einstein received a short paper from a young Indian physicist named Satyendra Nath Bose describing light as a gas of photons and asking for Einstein’s assistance in publication. Einstein realized that the same statistics could be applied to atoms, and published an article in German which described Bose’s model and explained its implications. Bose-Einstein statistics now describe any assembly of these indistinguishable particles known as bosons. The Bose-Einstein condensate phenomenon was predicted in the 1920s by Bose and Einstein, based on Bose’s work on the statistical mechanics of photons, which was then formalized and generalized by Einstein. The first such condensate was produced by Eric Cornell and Carl Wieman in 1995 at the University of Colorado at Boulder. Einstein’s original sketches on this theory were recovered in August 2005 in the library of Leiden University (see website with original manuscript:

Einstein also assisted Erwin Schrodinger in the development of the quantum Boltzmann distribution, a mixed classical and quantum mechanical gas model although he realized that this was less significant than the Bose-Einstein model and declined to have his name included on the paper.

The Einstein refrigerator

Einstein and Szilard’s refrigerator patent diagram. Einstein and former student Leo Szilard co-invented a unique type of refrigerator in 1926. On November 11, 1930, U. S. Patent 1,781,541 was awarded to Albert Einstein and Leo Szilard. The patent covered a thermodynamic refrigeration cycle providing cooling with no moving parts, at a constant pressure, with only heat as an input. The refrigeration cycle used ammonia, butane, and water.

After Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933, expressions of hatred for Einstein reached new levels. He was accused by the National Socialist regime of creating “Jewish physics” in contrast with Deutsche Physik – “German” or “Aryan physics”. Nazi physicists continued the attempts to discredit his theories and to blacklist politically those German physicists who taught them. Einstein renounced his German citizenship and fled to the United States, where he was given permanent residency. He accepted a position at the newly founded Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton Township, New Jersey. He became an American citizen in 1940, though he still retained Swiss citizenship.

In 1939, under the encouragement of Szilard, Einstein sent a letter to President Franklin Delano Roosevelt urging the study of nuclear fission for military purposes, under fears that the Nazi government would be first to develop atomic weapons. Roosevelt started a small investigation into the matter which eventually became the massive Manhattan Project.

Albert Einstein is known all over the world as a brilliant theoretical physicist and the founder of the theory of relativity. He is perhaps the greatest scientist of the 20th century. Some of his ideas made possible the atomic bomb, as well as television and other inventions.

He was born in 1879 in a German small town. The Einstein family soon moved to Munich, where Albert went to school. Neither his parents nor his school teachers thought much of his mental abilities. His uncle often joked: «Not everybody is born to become a professor».

In 1895 Albert failed the entrance examination to a technical college in Zurich. A year later, however, he managed to pass the exam and entered the college.

After graduating from the college, Einstein started to work at the Swiss Patent office in Bern. In 1905 he wrote a short article in a science magazine. This was his «Special Theory of Relativity», which gave the world the most famous equation relating mass and energy (E = mc2), the basis of atomic energy.

Later he became a professor in several European universities and in 1914 moved to Berlin as a member of the Prussian Academy of Sciences. After ten years of hard work he created his «General Theory of Relativity».

In 1921 Einstein received the Nobel Prize for Physics.

A Jew and a pacifist, he was attacked by the Nazis, and when Hitler came to power in 1933 he decided to settle in the United States.

In 1939 Albert Einstein wrote a letter to President Roosvelt at the request of several prominent physicists, outlining the military potential of nuclear energy and the dangers of a Nazi lead in this field. His letter greatly influenced the decision to build an atomic bomb, though he took no part in the Manhattan Project. After the war he spoke out passionately against nuclear weapons and repression.

Einstein died in 1955. The artificial element einsteinium has been named in his honour.

1. Why Einstein is thought to be the greatest scientist of the 20th century?

2. When and where was he born?

3. When did he create his «Special Theory of Relativity»?

4. Why did Einstein leave Germany?

5. What do you know about nuclear weapons? Why are they dangerous?

VOCABULARY

theoretical physicist - физик-теоретик

theory of relativity - теория относительности

patent office - патентное бюро

equation - уравнение

Jew - еврей

nazi - нацист

to outline - очертить в общем

artificial - искусственный

einsteinium - ейнштейній

Альберт Эйнштейн известен во всем мире как блестящий физик-теоретик и основатель теории относительности.

Он, возможно, самый великий ученый XX столетия. Некоторые его идеи сделали атомную бомбу, так же как телевидение и другие изобретения.

Он родился в 1879 г. в маленьком немецком городке. Вскоре семья Эйнштейна переехала в Мюнхен, где Альберт ходил в школу. Никто из родителей и учителей не думал о его умственные возможности. Его дядя часто шутил: «Не каждый рожден быть профессором».

В 1895 г. Альберт провалил вступительный экзамен технического колледжа в Цюрихе. Год спустя он все-таки сдал экзамен и поступил в колледж.

После окончания колледжа Эйнштейн начал работать в Шведском патентном бюро в Берне. В 1905 г. он написал маленькую статью в научном журнале. Это была его специальная теория относительности, которая дала миру самое известное уравнение, которое устанавливает отношение массы и энергии (Е = m с2), основу атомной энергии.

Позже он стал профессором в некоторых европейских университетах и в 1914 г. переехал в Берлин как член Прусской академии наук. Через 10 лет тяжелой работы он создал основную теорию относительности.

В 1921 г. Эйнштейн получил Нобелевскую премию в области физики.

Еврей и пацифист, он подвергался нападкам со стороны нацистов, и когда Гитлер пришел к власти в 1933 г., он решил поселиться в Соединенных Штатах.

В 1939 г. Альберт Эйнштейн написал письмо президенту Рузвельту по просьбе некоторых выдающихся физиков, где в целом очертил военный потенциал атомной энергии и опасность нацистов в этой области. Его письмо очень сильно повлиял на решение построить атомную бомбу, хотя он не принимал участия в Манхэттенском проекте. После войны он горячо выступал против атомного оружия и репрессий.

Эйнштейн умер в 1955 г. Искусственный элемент ейнштейній назван в его честь.

Albert Einstein was born at Ulm, Germany, on March 14, 1879. Six weeks later the family moved to Munich.

He had his violin lessons from age six to age thirteen. Later, Einstein"s family moved to Italy (Milan), but Einstein remained in Munich.

In 1895, Einstein failed an examination that would have allowed him to study for a diploma as an electrical engineer at the Swiss Federal Polytechnic School in Zurich.

Following the failing of the entrance exam to the Swiss Federal Polytechnic School, Einstein attended secondary school at Aarau, Switzerland, planning to use this route to enter the SFPS in Zurich. While at Aarau he wrote an essay in which he wrote of his plans for the future:

"If I were to have the good fortune to pass my examinations, I would go to Zurich. I would stay there for four years in order to study mathematics and physics. I imagine myself becoming a teacher in those branches of the natural sciences, choosing the theoretical part of them. Here are the reasons, which lead me to this plan. Above all, it is my disposition for abstract and mathematical thought, and my lack of imagination and practical ability."

The next year, in 1896, he entered the Swiss Federal Polytechnic School in Zurich to be trained as a teacher of physics and mathematics. Indeed Einstein succeeded with his plan graduating in 1900 as a teacher of physics and mathematics.

In 1901, the year he gained his diploma, he acquired Swiss citizenship and, as he was unable to find a teaching post, he accepted a position as technical assistant in the Swiss Patent Office. In 1905, he obtained his doctor"s degree. Einstein earned a doctorate from the University of Zurich for a thesis "On a new determination of molecular dimensions".

In fact, 1911 was a very significant year for Einstein since he was able to make preliminary predictions about how a ray of light from a distant star, passing near the Sun, would appear to be bent slightly, in the direction of the Sun.

In 1911, he was appointed Professor of Theoretical Physics in Prague. Einstein returned to Zurich in 1912 to fill a similar post. In 1914 he was appointed Director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Physical Institute and Professor in the University of Berlin.

Не became a German citizen in 1914 and remained in Berlin until 1932.

In 1915 Einstein published the definitive version of general theory of relativity.

Einstein received the Nobel Prize in 1921, but not for relativity rather for his 1905 work on the photoelectric effect.

A third visit to the United States in 1932 was followed by the offer of a post of Professor of Theoretical Physics at Princeton. The idea was that Einstein would spend seven months a year in Berlin» five months at Princeton. Einstein accepted and left Germany in December 1932 for the United States. The following month the Nazis came to power in Germany and Einstein was never to return there. He became a United States citizen in 1940 and retired from his post in 1945.

One week before his death Einstein signed his last letter. It was a letter in which he agreed that his name should go on a manifesto urging all nations to give up nuclear weapons.

Albert Einstein died on April 18, 1955, at Princeton, New Jersey, USA.

Einstein was cremated at Trenton, New Jersey at 4 p.m. on April 18, 1955, (the day of his death). His ashes were scattered at an undisclosed place.

Перевод текста: Albert Einstein - Альберт Эйнштейн (2)

Альберт Эйнштейн родился в Ульме, Германия, 14 марта 1879 года. Через шесть недель семья переехала в Мюнхен.

С шести до тринадцати лет Альберт брал уроки игры на скрипке. Позже семья Эйнштейна переехала в Италию (Милан), но сам он остался в Мюнхене.

В 1895 году Эйнштейн провалил экзамен в Швейцарский федеральный политехнический колледж (ШФПК) в Цюрихе, где он хотел учиться по специальности инженер-электрик.

После провала на экзамене в ШФПК Эйнштейн пошел в среднюю школу в Аарау, Швейцария, планируя таким образом поступить к ШФПК в Цюрихе. Во время учебы в Аарау он написал сочинение о своих планах на будущее:

«Если бы мне повезло, и я бы сдал вступительные экзамены, я бы поехал в Цюрих. Я пробыл бы там четыре года, чтобы изучить математику и физику. Я представляю себя в роли учителя в этих областях естествознания. Вот причины, которые побудили меня к этому решению: в первую очередь, моя склонность к абстрактному и математическому мышлению, и отсутствие воображения и практических способностей».

В следующем, 1896 году, он поступил в Швейцарский Федеральный политехнический колледж в Цюрихе на специальность «учитель физики и математики». Эйнштейну удалось осуществить свой план: в 1900 году он закончил колледж учителем физики и математики.

В 1901 году, когда Эйнштейн получил диплом, он получил и швейцарское гражданство, а из-за того, что он не мог найти вакансию учителя, принял предложение на работу техническим ассистентом в швейцарском бюро патентов. В 1905 году он получил степень доктора. Степень доктора Эйнштейну присвоил Цюрихский университет за диссертацию на тему «О новом определении размеров молекул».

1911 год стал очень важным годом для Эйнштейна, потому что у него появилась возможность провести предварительные расчеты, как луч света далекой звезды, проходя возле Солнца, изгибается по направлению к Солнцу.

В 1911 году Эйнштейн был назначен на должность профессора теоретической физики в Праге. Эйнштейн вернулся в Цюрих в 1912 г., где занял такую же должность. В 1914 г. его назначили директором Института физики Вильгельма Кайзера и профессором Берлинского университета.

В 1914 году он стал гражданином Германии и оставался в Берлине до 1932 года.

В 1921 году Эйнштейн получил Нобелевскую премию, но не за теорию относительности, а за его работу 1905 года по изучению фотоэлектрического эффекта.

Во время третьей поездки в США в 1932 г. Эйнштейну предложили должность профессора теоретической физики в Принстоне. Предусматривалось, что семь месяцев в году Эйнштейн будет проводить в Берлине, и пять месяцев — в Принстоне. Эйнштейн принял предложение, и в декабре 1932 года выехал из Германии в США. В следующем месяце в Германии к власти пришли нацисты, и Эйнштейн уже больше никогда туда не вернулся. Он стал гражданином США в 1940 году и оставил свою должность в 1945 г.

За неделю до смерти Эйнштейн написал свое последнее письмо. В этом письме он дал свое согласие вписать свое имя в манифест, который призывает все страны отказаться от ядерного оружия.

Его тело кремировали в Трентоне, Нью-Джерси, в 4 часа дня 18 апреля 1955 года (в день смерти). Место, где был развеян его прах, не разглашается.

This German physicist is considered one of the world"s greatest thinkers in history. Not only did he shape the way people think of time, space, matter, energy, and gravity but he also was a supporter of Zionism and peaceful living.

Einstein was born on March 14, 1879 in Ulm, Germany, and spent most of his youth living in Munich, where his family owned a small shop. He attended schooling in Munich, which he found unimaginative and dull. In addition to this, he taught himself Euclidean geometry at the age of 12.

Later his family was forced to move to Milan, Italy where he then decided to withdraw from school at the age of 15. Eventually, he realized that he had to finish secondary school. On the other hand, he still often skipped class to study physics on his own.

At age 22, he became a Swiss citizen and in 1903 married a woman, named Mileva Marec. In a few years, two sons were born but in 1919 he divorced as to marry his cousin.

On the other hand, he published five major research papers at the age of 26.

The first paper was on Brownian motion, which would get him his doctorate in 1905.

The second paper laid the base of the photon, or quantum theory of light. It said that light is made off separate packets of energy, titled quanta or photons. The paper remade the theory of light. Also explaining the emissions of electrons from some solid objects when they are struck by light. Televisions are practical applications of Einstein"s discoveries.

The third paper, which he began as an essay at age 16, contained the « special theory of relativity ». He showed that time and motion are relative to the observer, and the speed of light is constant and natural laws are the same everywhere in the universe.

The fourth was a mathematical addition to the special theory of relativity. This is where he presented his famous E = mc2, also known as the energy mass equivalence.

His fifth paper was his general theory of relativity. In which he proposed that gravity is not a force, a previously accepted theory but it"s a curved field in the space-time continuum created in the presence of mass.

In 1921, Einstein won the Nobel Prize for physics for the confirmation of his general theory of relativity although the other papers where still considered controversial.

In 1933, he moved to the USA where he became a citizen ir 1940. Einstein died in Princeton, NJ, on April 18,1955.

Альберт Эйнштейн

Этого немецкого физика считают одним из самых великих мыслителей в истории. Мало того что он сформулировал человеческое представление о времени» пространстве, энергии и гравитации, но он также был сторонником сионизма и мира.

Эйнштейн родился в Ульме, Германия, 14 марта 1879 года и большую часть своей молодости провел в Мюнхене, где его семье принадлежал небольшой магазинчик. В Мюнхене он ходил в школу, которую он считал невыносимо скучной. К тому же он в возрасте 12 лет сам выучил евклидову геометрию.

Позже его семья была вынуждена переехать в Милан, Италия, где он позже, в возрасте 15 лет, решил уйти из школы. Возможно он и понимал, что ему необходимо закончить общеобразовательную школу. С другой стороны, он все также продолжал пропускать уроки, чтобы самостоятельно учить физику.

В возрасте 22 лет он стал гражданином Швейцарии, а в 1903 году женился на Милеве Марек. В скором времени у него рождается два сына, но в 1919 году он разводится, чтобы женится на своей двоюродной сестре.

В возрасте 26 лет он публикует пять главных исследовательских работ.

Первая его работа была посвящена броуновскому движению, она и принесет ему докторскую степень в 1905 году.

Вторая работа легла в основу фотона, или квантовой теории света. Считается, что свет состоит из отдельных частичек энергий, названных квантами, или фотонами. Работа Эйнштейна переосмысливает теорию света. В ней он также объясняет испускание электронов некоторыми твердыми телами, когда эти электроны выбиваются светом. Телевидение - это практическое применение открытий Эйнштейна.

Третья работа, которая была начата им как эссе в возрасте 16 лет, содержала «специальную теорию относительности». Он показал, что время и движение относительны для наблюдателя, если время - это константа, законы мироздания одинаковы во всей Вселенной.

Четвертая работа - математическое дополнение к специальной теории относительности. Именно здесь он представил свою знаменитую формулу E = mc2, также известную как эквивалентность массы и энергии.

Пятой работой была общая теория относительности, в которой он сделал предположение, что гравитация - это не сила, как было принято в предыдущих теориях, это искривленное поле в пространственно-временном континууме, которое образуется вблизи массивных объектов.

В 1921 году Эйнштейн выиграл Нобелевскую премию по физике за свою работу по общей теории относительности, хотя другие работы оспаривают это.

В1933 году он переехал в США, где получил гражданство в 1940 году. Эйнштейн умер в Принстоне, штат Нью-Джерси, 18 апреля 1955 года.

Albert Einstein was a famous scientist who completely changed the way that people saw our world and the universe. Einstein created many theories which proved that things like gravity, light, energy and matter were connected with each other. At first, very few scientists could understand Einstein’s theories but as time passed other scientists showed that he was correct.

Albert Einstein was born in Ulm, Germany in 1879 and grew up in Munich. He wasn’t a good student at school and only did things he was interested in, like science and mathematics. At a very early age young Albert started wondering about the mysteries of the universe.

After school Einstein went to Switzerland and tried to become a teacher there, but he couldn’t find a job. He went to work at the Swiss patent office in Bern where he studied what other people had invented.

After divorce from his first wife, a classmate of his, Albert went to Berlin where he married his cousin Elsa. He lived in Berlin for a long time and there he developed many of his scientific theories. Einstein became so well known that he was invited to universities around the world to talk about his discoveries. In 1921 he received the Nobel Prize for Physics.

In the meantime things were starting to change in Germany. Einstein was against the Nazis and their ideas of controlling the world and killing Jews. The Nazis, in return, hated him and his theories and they burned most of his books.

Einstein decided to leave Germany and go to the United States. When World War II broke out in 1939 Einstein discovered that German scientists were working on a bomb that could kill thousands of people. He wrote a letter to the American president to warn him and suggested that the Americans start building one too.

In 1941 the American government started the Manhattan project which led to the construction of the atomic bomb. Two of these bombs were dropped over Hiroshima and Nagasaki to end the war against Japan. Einstein was horrified when he heard the news. He wanted the world to use atomic energy for peaceful purposes.

For the last twenty years of his life, Einstein lived in Princeton where he continued his scientific work. He died on April 18, 1955.

One of the most famous equations ever written came from Albert Einstein: E = mc 2. Energy is mass times the squared speed of light. This equation shows that mass can be turned to energy. Because the speed of light square is such a high number even a small amount of mass can be turned into a lot of energy.

This means, for example, that there is enough energy in a glass of water to give power to a city like London for a whole week. The problem is how to get the energy out of the mass. This equation led to the building of the atomic bomb. The first bomb only had 0.6 grams of mass but scientist turned it into enough energy to destroy a whole city.

Einstein also thought that space and time were closely related to each other. He thought that there were not three dimensions to objects but four-the fourth one was time. Other scientists, who continued his work, claimed that it is possible to travel into the past and into the future. Black holes might be tunnels that could take you back and forth in time.

According to Einstein all objects followed curved paths and get attracted by the gravity of an object. Time would pass more slowly if you are close to a very large object like a planet. This means that the clock of a plane goes faster than a clock at an airport because the plane is farther away from the earth.

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